Chapter - 2, Acids Bases and Salts Notes

Notes Chapter - 2 Acids, Bases and Salts

ACIDS:

• These are the substances which have sour in taste.
• They turns blue litmus solution to red.
• They give H   ions in aqueous solution

Examples of Acids : -

HCl - Hydrochloric Acid


BASES

• These substances are bitter in taste.
• They turns red litmus solution to blue.
• They give OH ions in aqueous solution. 
Examples of Bases : -
NaOH - Sodium Hydroxide
KOH - Potassium Hydroxide
Alkalis  - These are the bases soluble in water. like - NaOH (sodium Hydroxide)


INDICATORS
There are the substance that changes their colour / smell in different types of substances.

Types of Indicators
l. Natural Indicators - Those indicators found in nature by trees called Natural Indicators
Ex - Litmus, Turmeric

2. Synthetic Indicators - These are the chemical substance prepare in laboratories.
Ex- Phenolphthalein, Methyl Orange

3. Olfactory indicators - These substance have different odour in acids and Bases.
Ex - Onion, clove oil, Vanilla Essence.



Chemical properties of Acids Bases

Reactions of Metals with Acids and Bases

With Acids : -
Metal    +   Acids    →  Salt    +    Hydrogen gas
Ex – 2HCl    +   Zn    →  ZnCl2    + H2

With Bases : -
Metal    + Base  →   Salt    +    Hydrogen gas
Ex – 2NaOH    +    Zn   →  Na2ZnO2     +   H2

** Hydrogen gas released can be tested by bringing burning candle near gas bubbles, it burst with pop sound.

Reaction of Metal Carbonates /Metal Hydrogen Carbonated with
Acid : -
Acid   +  Metal Carbonate / Metal Hydrogen Carbonate → Salt  +  CO2  +H2O
Ex – 2HCl + Na2CO3   → 2 NaCl  +  CO2  +H2O
HCl + Na2HCO3   →  NaCl  +  CO2  +H2O

** Metal Carbonate / Metal Hydrogen Carbonate not react with Bases.


CO2 Can be tested by passing it through lime water
Ca(OH)2  +  CO2  →  CaCO3  + H2O
Lime water [Ca(OH)2] turns milky when Carbon dioxide passes through it
When excess CO2  passes the milkiness disappears

Reaction of Acids and Bases with Each Other
Acid  +  Base   →  Salt   +  H2O
Neutralisation Reaction – Reaction of acid with base is called as neutralisation reaction
Ex – HCl  +  NaOH  →   NaCl  + H2O

Reaction of Metallic Oxides with Acids
Metallic Oxides are basic in nature. Like MgO, CaO etc.
Metallic Oxide  +    Acid  → Salt  +  H2O
Ex – CaO  +  2HCl  →  CaCl2  +  H2O

Reaction of Non – Metallic Oxides with bases
Non – Metallic oxides are acidic in nature
Non – Metallic Oxides  + Base → Salt   + H2O
Co2  +  Ca(OH)2   → CaCO3  +  H2O

All Acids have in Common
  • ·   All acids have H+ ions in common
  • ·   Acids produces H+  ions  in solution which are responsible for their acidic nature

All Bases have in Common
  • ·   All bases have OH- ions in common
  • ·  These OH- are responsible for their basic nature
Acids in water solution
Acids produces H+  ions  in presence of water. But these H+ ions cannot exist alone, they exist as H3O+ (hydronium ions).
         H+  +  H2O  →  H3O+  


Bases in water solution
Bases when dissolved in water gives OH- ions. Those bases are soluble in water are called Alkali.


Important
While diluting acids, it is recommended that the acid should be added to water and not water to acid because the process of dissolving an acid or a base in water is highly exothermic.

Universal Indicator
Strength of acid or base can be estimated using universal indicator. It is mixture of several indicators. It shows different colours at different concentrations of H+ ions present in the solution.
pHScale -
pH Scale – It is a scale for measuring H+  ions concentration in a solution.  It have reading 0 to 14
  • ·    pH = 7 → neutral solution
  • ·    pH less than 7 → acidic solution
  • ·    pH more than 7 →   basic solution

 Importance of pH in Everyday life
  • ·    Plants and animals are pH sensitive they need specific pH for their healthy growth
  • ·    pH of our Stomach is about 1 or 2 as our stomach Produce HCl
  • ·    pH cause Tooth decay when pH of our mouth is lower the 5.5
  • ·    When the pH of rain is less than 5.6 it is called acid rain
  • ·   Bee sting leaves an acid which cause pain to get over this pain we have to apply baking soda on stung area.

Salt
Salt is an ionic compound foamed in neutralisation reaction

Chemicals from Salts : -

1 – Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH)
When electricity is passes through an aqueous solution of NaCl (brine), it decomposes to form NaOH


2NaCl  +  2H2O → 2 NaOH  +  Cl2  +  H2

At anode – Cl2 gas release
At cathode – H2 gas release
Near cathode -  NaOH solution is formed.

Uses of these products
  • ·   H2 used as fuels and margarine
  • ·   Cl2 used as water treatment, PVC, CFC’s
  • ·   NaOH used as degreasing metals, soaps and paper making
  • ·   Cl2  +  NaOH  combine used as bleach fabrics

2 – Bleaching Powder (CaOCl2)
It is produced by the action of chlorine on dry slaked lime

 Cl2  +  Ca(OH)2  →   CaOCl2  +  H2O

Uses of Bleaching powder
·         Bleaching cotton and linen in textile industry.
·         Bleaching wood pulp in paper factories
·         Oxidizing agent in chemical industries
·         Disinfecting drinking water.

3 – Baking Soda ( sodium Hydrogen Carbonate)  (NaHCO3)
It foamed when CO2 passed through aqueous Sodium Chloride
  • ·    It is mild non-corrosive base
  • ·    When it is heated during cooking it foamed sodium carbonate and CO2 release from it

Uses of Baking Soda : -
  • ·   For making baking powder ( mixture of baking soda and tartaric acid) When baking power is heated or mixed with water, CO2 is produced which causes bread and cake to rise making them soft and spongy.
  • ·   An ingredient in antacid
  • ·   Used in soda acids, fire extinguishers


4 – Washing Soda (Na2CO3.10H2O) ( Sodium carbonate deca hydrate)
Recrystallization of sodium carbonate gives washing soda. It is a basic salt.

 Na2CO3  +  10H2O →  Na2CO3.10H2O

Uses of Washing Soda : -
  • ·   In glass, soap and paper industries
  • ·   Manufacture of borax
  • ·   Cleaning agent for domestic purposes
  • ·   For removing permanent hardness of water


5 – Plaster of Paris - POP (Na2CO3. H2O)  ( Calcium sulphate hemi hydrate)
On heating gyspsum (Na2CO3.2 H2O) at 373 K, it loses one and half molecules of water and becomes Plaster of Paris (POP)
It is a white powder and on mixing with water it changes to gypsum.

 Na2CO3. H2O  +  H2O   →   Na2CO3 2 H2O

Uses of POP
  • ·    Doctors use POP for supporting fractured bones.
  • ·    For making toys, materials for decoration
  • ·    For making surfaces smooth. 


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